Immunizations – 01hepatitisA

Adolescent
13 - 17 years of age

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Vaccinations

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COVID-19

Indications

- - Prevention of COVID-19 disease
  - Reduction in severity of COVID-19 disease if contracted
  - Reduction in hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 disease

Ages Recommended

- - The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 5 years and older.
  - The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.

Special Circumstances

- - Pregnancy or breastfeeding
  - Individuals with compromised immune systems
  - History of severe allergic reactions
  - Acute illness or fever
  - Receiving other vaccines
  - History of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

Recent Advances

- - Development of mRNA vaccines, which use genetic material to induce an immune response
  - Increased understanding of the immune response to COVID-19 and how to target it with vaccines
  - Approval of additional vaccine formulations, such as the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which requires only one dose
  - Continued research into new vaccine technologies, such as viral vector and protein subunit vaccines
  - Studies on the effectiveness of booster doses and the development of variant-specific vaccines

Side Effects

- - Fatigue
  - Headache
  - Body aches
  - Chills
  - Fever
  - Nausea
  - Injection site pain or swelling

Contraindications

- - People with a history of severe allergic reactions to any component of the COVID-19 vaccine should not receive the vaccine.
  - People who have had a severe allergic reaction to the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine should not receive the second dose.
  - People who are currently experiencing COVID-19 symptoms or are in quarantine should not receive the vaccine until they have fully recovered and completed their quarantine period.
  - People who have received another vaccine recently should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - People who are immunocompromised or taking immunosuppressive medications should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - Children under the age of 12 are not yet eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.

Efficacy

- - - What is vaccine efficacy?
      - Vaccine efficacy refers to the ability of a vaccine to prevent the disease it targets under ideal and controlled conditions.
      - It is calculated by comparing the incidence of the disease in vaccinated individuals versus unvaccinated individuals.

- - - What is the efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines?
      - The efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines varies depending on the type of vaccine and the population it is tested on.
      - For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has an efficacy of 95% in preventing symptomatic Covid-19 in adults aged 16 and older, while the Moderna vaccine has an efficacy of 94.1% in the same population.
      - The Johnson & Johnson vaccine has an overall efficacy of 66.3% in preventing moderate to severe Covid-19 globally.

- - What do these efficacy rates mean?
    - These efficacy rates mean that vaccinated individuals are significantly less likely to develop symptomatic Covid-19 compared to unvaccinated individuals.
    - However, it is still possible for vaccinated individuals to contract and spread the virus, although the risk is significantly lower.
    - It is important to note that these efficacy rates were obtained under ideal and controlled conditions, and the effectiveness of the vaccines in real-world settings may vary.

Booster Doses

- - Booster doses are additional doses of COVID-19 vaccine given after the initial series of doses to extend the duration of protection against the virus.
  - Booster doses are recommended for certain individuals, including those who are immunocompromised and those who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
  - Booster doses for the general population may be recommended based on the ongoing assessment of vaccine effectiveness against emerging variants and the duration of vaccine protection.
  - The timing and need for booster doses may vary depending on the type of vaccine received, individual characteristics such as age and underlying health conditions, and other factors.
  - Individuals should consult with their healthcare provider or local health department to determine if they are eligible and recommended to receive a booster dose.

Vaccine Safety

- - The COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective at preventing COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death.
  - The vaccines have undergone rigorous testing and clinical trials, including large-scale studies involving tens of thousands of participants.
  - The vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization (EUA) by regulatory agencies around the world, including the FDA in the United States.
  - Reports of adverse events following vaccination are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks for most people.
  - Common side effects of the COVID-19 vaccines include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. These side effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and go away on their own within a few days.
  - Serious allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines are very rare, occurring in less than 1 in a million doses administered. People who have a history of severe allergic reactions to any component of the COVID-19 vaccines should not receive the vaccine.
  - The CDC and FDA are closely monitoring vaccine safety and investigating any reports of adverse events following vaccination.

Vaccine Efficacy against Variants

- - The COVID-19 vaccines have shown efficacy against multiple variants of the virus, including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants.
  - Studies have shown that the vaccines provide high levels of protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death caused by these variants.
  - However, some studies have shown that the vaccines may be less effective at preventing symptomatic infections or transmission of some variants, such as the Delta variant.
  - Researchers are continuing to study the efficacy of the vaccines against new variants as they emerge.
  - Public health officials and vaccine manufacturers are monitoring the situation closely and developing plans for potential booster shots or updated vaccine formulations if needed to address new variants.

Immunizations – 01covid19

Vaccinations

COVID-19

Indications

- - Prevention of COVID-19 disease
  - Reduction in severity of COVID-19 disease if contracted
  - Reduction in hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 disease

Ages Recommended

- - The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 5 years and older.
  - The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.
  - The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is authorized for use in individuals aged 18 years and older.

Special Circumstances

- - Pregnancy or breastfeeding
  - Individuals with compromised immune systems
  - History of severe allergic reactions
  - Acute illness or fever
  - Receiving other vaccines
  - History of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

Recent Advances

- - Development of mRNA vaccines, which use genetic material to induce an immune response
  - Increased understanding of the immune response to COVID-19 and how to target it with vaccines
  - Approval of additional vaccine formulations, such as the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which requires only one dose
  - Continued research into new vaccine technologies, such as viral vector and protein subunit vaccines
  - Studies on the effectiveness of booster doses and the development of variant-specific vaccines

Side Effects

- - Fatigue
  - Headache
  - Body aches
  - Chills
  - Fever
  - Nausea
  - Injection site pain or swelling

Contraindications

- - People with a history of severe allergic reactions to any component of the COVID-19 vaccine should not receive the vaccine.
  - People who have had a severe allergic reaction to the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine should not receive the second dose.
  - People who are currently experiencing COVID-19 symptoms or are in quarantine should not receive the vaccine until they have fully recovered and completed their quarantine period.
  - People who have received another vaccine recently should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - People who are immunocompromised or taking immunosuppressive medications should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - Children under the age of 12 are not yet eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
  - Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their healthcare provider before getting the COVID-19 vaccine.

Efficacy

- - - What is vaccine efficacy?
      - Vaccine efficacy refers to the ability of a vaccine to prevent the disease it targets under ideal and controlled conditions.
      - It is calculated by comparing the incidence of the disease in vaccinated individuals versus unvaccinated individuals.

- - - What is the efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines?
      - The efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines varies depending on the type of vaccine and the population it is tested on.
      - For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has an efficacy of 95% in preventing symptomatic Covid-19 in adults aged 16 and older, while the Moderna vaccine has an efficacy of 94.1% in the same population.
      - The Johnson & Johnson vaccine has an overall efficacy of 66.3% in preventing moderate to severe Covid-19 globally.

- - What do these efficacy rates mean?
    - These efficacy rates mean that vaccinated individuals are significantly less likely to develop symptomatic Covid-19 compared to unvaccinated individuals.
    - However, it is still possible for vaccinated individuals to contract and spread the virus, although the risk is significantly lower.
    - It is important to note that these efficacy rates were obtained under ideal and controlled conditions, and the effectiveness of the vaccines in real-world settings may vary.

Booster Doses

- - Booster doses are additional doses of COVID-19 vaccine given after the initial series of doses to extend the duration of protection against the virus.
  - Booster doses are recommended for certain individuals, including those who are immunocompromised and those who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
  - Booster doses for the general population may be recommended based on the ongoing assessment of vaccine effectiveness against emerging variants and the duration of vaccine protection.
  - The timing and need for booster doses may vary depending on the type of vaccine received, individual characteristics such as age and underlying health conditions, and other factors.
  - Individuals should consult with their healthcare provider or local health department to determine if they are eligible and recommended to receive a booster dose.

Vaccine Safety

- - The COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective at preventing COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death.
  - The vaccines have undergone rigorous testing and clinical trials, including large-scale studies involving tens of thousands of participants.
  - The vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization (EUA) by regulatory agencies around the world, including the FDA in the United States.
  - Reports of adverse events following vaccination are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks for most people.
  - Common side effects of the COVID-19 vaccines include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle aches. These side effects are usually mild to moderate in severity and go away on their own within a few days.
  - Serious allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines are very rare, occurring in less than 1 in a million doses administered. People who have a history of severe allergic reactions to any component of the COVID-19 vaccines should not receive the vaccine.
  - The CDC and FDA are closely monitoring vaccine safety and investigating any reports of adverse events following vaccination.

Vaccine Efficacy against Variants

- - The COVID-19 vaccines have shown efficacy against multiple variants of the virus, including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants.
  - Studies have shown that the vaccines provide high levels of protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death caused by these variants.
  - However, some studies have shown that the vaccines may be less effective at preventing symptomatic infections or transmission of some variants, such as the Delta variant.
  - Researchers are continuing to study the efficacy of the vaccines against new variants as they emerge.
  - Public health officials and vaccine manufacturers are monitoring the situation closely and developing plans for potential booster shots or updated vaccine formulations if needed to address new variants.

Immunizations – sections

Vaccinations

Indications

- - Leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States
  - Discussion with health care provider about false-positive and risk of radiation exposure
  - Early detection is key to successful treatment
  - Recent advances involve CAR T-cell therapy, targeted therapies include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and….

Special Circumstances

Recent Advances

- - Smoking (Primary risk factor)
    - Exposure to secondhand smoke
  - Other carcinogens
    - Asbestos

- - Role of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)
  - Screening Eligibilities (2022)
    - Age – 50 – 80 years old
    - History of minimum pack year history (phy) – 20
    - History of smoking – current or former smoker with quit date within past 15 years
    - Symptoms – No new symptoms
    - Family history – lung cancer
    - Occupational exposure – carcinogens

- - World Health Organization (WHO)
  - American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
  - American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
  - American Cancer Society (ACS)
  - National Institute of Health (NIH)
  - American Association of Naturopathic Physicians
  - International Foundation for Homeopathy

Vaccine Safety

- - World Health Organization (WHO)
  - American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
  - American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
  - American Cancer Society (ACS)
  - National Institute of Health (NIH)
  - American Association of Naturopathic Physicians
  - International Foundation for Homeopathy

Vaccine Efficacy against Variants

- - World Health Organization (WHO)
  - American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)
  - American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
  - American Cancer Society (ACS)
  - National Institute of Health (NIH)
  - American Association of Naturopathic Physicians
  - International Foundation for Homeopathy

Immunizations

Vaccinations

Vaccine	Significance
COVID-19	Prevents severe illness, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19
Hepatitis A	Prevents viral hepatitis, which can cause liver disease and failure
Hepatitis B	Prevents viral hepatitis, which can cause liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer
HPV	Prevents infection with human papillomavirus, which can cause cervical, anal, and other types of cancer
Influenza	Prevents seasonal flu, which can cause serious illness, hospitalization, and death
Meningococcal	Prevents bacterial meningitis, which can cause brain damage and death
MMR	Prevents measles, mumps, and rubella, which can cause serious illness, birth defects, and death
Pneumococcal	Prevents bacterial pneumonia, which can cause serious illness and death, especially in older adults and people with underlying health conditions
Polio	Prevents polio, a viral disease that can cause paralysis and death
Rotavirus	Prevents rotavirus, a viral infection that can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants and young children
Tdap	Prevents tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough), which can cause serious illness and death, especially in infants and older adults
Varicella	Prevents chickenpox, a viral infection that can cause serious complications, especially in adults

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Adolescent 13 - 17 years of age

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