Adolescent
13 - 17 years of age
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- Early detection is key to successful treatment
- Types of tests – DRE, PSA, TRUS, Biopsy and MRI
- Timing of tests to be performed….
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- Second most common cancer among men in the United States
- African American men are more likely to be….
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- Race
- Genetic factors BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes HOXB13, MSR1, and ETV1 genes….
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- Age
- Diet
- Exposure to certain chemicals
- Medications Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Statins….
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- Smoking
- Hormone therapy
- Vitamin D….
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- 55 to 69 years of age
- DRE and PSA
- No routine screening for 70 or….
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- Age
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- 50, universal age
- 45, higher risk
- 40, African American men and men with a family history of prostate cancer
- Men over the age of 65 are at the highest risk for developing prostate cancer
- Age-related changes in the prostate gland
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- increase in cell proliferation and a decrease in apoptosis
- alterations in immune system
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- Diet
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- Increased Risk
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- High in
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- Red and Processed Meats
- Dairy Products
- Saturated Fats
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- High in
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- Low Risk
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- High in
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- Fruits
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- Containing Carotenoids
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- Watermelon
- Pink grapefruit
- Cantaloupe
- Orange
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- Containing Carotenoids
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- Vegetables
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- Cruciferous Vegetables
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- Broccoli
- Cauliflower
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- Containing Carotenoids
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- Spinach
- Kale
- Corn
- Bell peppers
- Tomatoes
- Broccoli
- Carrots.
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- Cruciferous Vegetables
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- Omega-3 fatty acids, such as those found in fish
- Fruits
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- High in
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- Increased Risk
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- Exercise
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- Reduces levels of testosterone
- Reduces inflammation
- Reduces risk of obesity
- Reduces stress
- maintains healthy weight
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- Smoking
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- Carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke damage the DNA of cells
- Increase inflammation in the body
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- Alcohol
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- Increases the levels of testosterone
- increases the levels of certain carcinogens, such as acetaldehyde, which damage DNA
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- Obesity
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- Increases circulating levels of hormones such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
- BMI (Meta-analysis of 11 prospective studies)
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- 30 or more – 22% increased risk as compared to men with a BMI of 25 or lower
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- Stress
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- Increase in the production of certain hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, leading negative effect on the body’s immune system
- Increase in the production of certain growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
- Increase in the production of certain inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines
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- Exposure to certain chemicals (Gonzalez et al., 2017)
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- Pesticides
- Herbicides
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- Vitamin D
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- Regulates cell growth and differentiation
- Reduces inflammation
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- Medications
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- Association with reduced risk
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- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Aspirin, strongest protective effect)
- Statins
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- Association with increased risk
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- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs)
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- Association with reduced risk
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